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Summary ## Publication Information **Publisher:** Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC) **Publishing Division:** Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division (MOPDD) **Publication Year:** 2016 **Reporting Period:** July 2015 - June 2016 **Document Type:** Annual Performance Report ## Executive Summary The 2015–2016 fiscal year marked a critical turning point for Rwanda's malaria control program, with unprecedented malaria resurgence reversing years of progress. Malaria cases surged dramatically from 514,173 in 2012 to over 3.2 million in 2015/16, presenting significant public health challenges and prompting comprehensive program adaptations. ## Key Performance Indicators ### Malaria Case Management - **Total Cases:** Over 3.2 million (dramatic increase from 514,173 in 2012) - **Treatment Coverage:** Above 90% access to ACTs (Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy) - **Diagnostic Coverage:** Nationwide expansion using Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) - **CHW Services:** 1.7+ million malaria tests and treatments delivered by Community Health Workers ### Vector Control Interventions - **LLIN Distribution:** Over 6 million Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets distributed - **Distribution Channels:** Mass campaigns, ANC/EPI services, routine platforms - **IRS Implementation:** High-transmission districts targeted with carbamate and organophosphate compounds - **Coverage Challenges:** Insecticide resistance and logistical constraints identified ### Entomological Surveillance - **Resistance Monitoring:** Regular surveillance revealing increasing insecticide resistance among Anopheles mosquitoes - **Management Strategy:** Insecticide rotation and non-chemical control integration - **Vector Behavior:** Documented changes in mosquito feeding and resting patterns ### Neglected Tropical Diseases - **MDA Coverage:** Mass Drug Administration covering millions of school-aged children - **Target Diseases:** Soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis - **Cross-Sectoral Approach:** Collaboration with education and water/sanitation sectors ## Critical Challenges Identified ### Malaria Resurgence Factors - **Climate Anomalies:** Weather pattern changes affecting transmission dynamics - **Net Efficacy:** Reduced effectiveness due to wear, tear, and washing practices - **Insecticide Resistance:** Growing resistance among vector populations - **Operational Constraints:** Logistical challenges in intervention delivery ### Strategic Adaptations - **Integrated Vector Management:** Shift toward comprehensive vector control approaches - **National Strategy Updates:** Revised strategies incorporating resistance management - **Global Partner Engagement:** Enhanced collaboration with international partners - **Evidence-Based Planning:** Strengthened surveillance and monitoring systems ## Program Innovations ### Community-Based Interventions - **CHW Expansion:** Community Health Worker program scale-up - **Service Integration:** Malaria services integrated with broader health platforms - **Quality Assurance:** Enhanced training and supervision protocols ### Resistance Management - **Insecticide Rotation:** Strategic rotation of chemical compounds - **Alternative Methods:** Integration of non-chemical vector control - **Monitoring Enhancement:** Improved resistance surveillance systems ## Citation Rwanda Biomedical Centre. (2016). *Annual Report – Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division 2015–2016*. Kigali: Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre.